PHYS 320 / 420


Introduction to Biological Physics, Fall 2025

                


Lecture Notes


8-25-25: Lecture 1 [Course overview]: wiggling and jiggling, the crowded cell, nonequilibrium processes and the origins of life. PDF, Video.


8-27-25: Lecture 2: Molecules diffusing in a volume, transition rates for random motion, probabilities, moments, mean squared displacement (MSD). PDF, Video (Because of a technical glitch that prevented recording, this is a video from last year. We covered up through about the 39:30 minute mark.)

8-29-25: Lecture 3: Master equation, deriving equations for the moments of the distribution, calculating the MSD. PDF, Video.

9-3-25: Lecture 4: Measuring MSD, diffusion at different biological scales, the implausibility of giraffes, the continuum approximation. PDF, Video.
    Slides: 1D random walk example
    Slides: Shake, rattle, and roll...
    Movie: Diffusion experiment
    Slides: Diffusion time scales in biology

    Experimental apparatus design: Bob Sobin, Rick Bihary; thanks to Pete Kernan for the Rokenbok balls

9-5-25: Lecture 5: Continuum approximation continued, solving the diffusion and Fokker-Planck equations, the problem of two molecules diffusing to meet in three dimensions. PDF, Video.

9-8-25: Lecture 6: Deriving the mean first passage time equation: escape times and probabilties, Frogger, discrete recurrence equation. PDF, Video.

9-10-25: Lecture 7: Continuum version of mean first passage time equation, deriving the Smoluchowski rate limit. PDF, Video.

9-12-25: Lecture 8: Tradeoff between reaction speeds and cellular crowding. PDF, Video.
    Slides: Crowding and the limits of cell size: parasitic bacteria, giant viruses, and seaweed

9-15-25: Lecture 9: Developing a theory of biochemical reaction kinetics, the chemical master equation. PDF, Video.
    Movie: Random search of a cancer drug for a protein binding site, AVI [credits: Shan et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 9181 (2011)]


9-17-25: Lecture 10: Chemical master equation in gory detail, approximating chemical dynamics by ignoring fluctuations. PDF, Video.

9-19-25: Lecture 11: Connecting transition rates to energy exchange with the environment. PDF, Video.

9-22-25: Lecture 12: Probability currents, equilibrium and non-equilibrium stationary states, Boltzmann equilibrium. PDF, Video.

9-24-25: Lecture 13: Coupling system transitions to external work, light-sensitive proteins. PDF, Video.
       Slides: Light-sensitive proteins
       Movie: Photoactive yellow protein in action, AVI [credits: Schotte et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109, 19256 (2012)]

9-26-25: Lecture 14: Modeling light-sensitive proteins, general thermodynamic framework: state properties. PDF, Video.

9-29-25: Lecture 15: General thermodynamic framework: edge properties, production rates, irreversibility. PDF, Video.

10-1-25: Lecture 16: First and second laws of thermodynamics: energy conservation and entropy production; parallels between classical stochastic and quantum systems. PDF, Video.

10-3-25: Lecture 17: The "Heisenberg picture" for the classical master equation; proving the existence of a stationary state; the necessity of dissipated power in nonequilibrium stationary states. PDF, Video.

10-6-25: Lecture 18: Dissipation in the light-sensitive protein example. Origins of life hypothesis #1: the role of UV photons. PDF, Video.
       Slides: Thermodynamics and the origins of life (part 1).

10-8-25: Lecture 19: Primordial biochemistry. Fossil evidence of early life: stromatolites. Video.
       Movie: Lake Untersee, Antarctica, Youtube link

10-10-25: Lecture 20: Origins of life hypothesis #2: deep-sea vents. Generalizing the local detailed balance relation: work against pressure, enthalpy. Coarse-graining biological models: macro- vs micro-states. PDF, Video.
       Slides: Thermodynamics and the origins of life (part 2).
       Movie: Lost City hydrothermal veents, MP4

10-13-25: Lecture 21: Chemical potential. PDF, Video.

10-15-25: Lecture 22: Chemical potential in action: driving chemical cycles via ATP hydrolysis. Muscle proteins. PDF, Video.
       Slides: Muscle myosin, ATP hydrolysis at the microscopic level, ATP synthase.
       Movie: Muscle contraction process, Youtube link

10-17-25: Lecture 23: Flexible membranes, permeable and non-permeable molecules. PDF, Video.
       Slides: Hydrophobic forces, phospholipid membranes.
       Movie: Water hydrogen bond network dynamics, Youtube link
       Movie: Water permeation through phospholipid membrane, Youtube link

10-22-25: Lecture 24: Osmotic pressure and its implications for living cells. Charged molecules. PDF, Video.

10-24-25: Lecture 25: Cell membranes as capacitors, ion channels, Nernst potential. PDF, Video.

10-27-25: Lecture 26: Cells as circuits, modeling the axon. PDF, Video.

10-29-25: Lecture 27: Setting up the cable equation for neural signals along axons; the need for voltage-gated channels. PDF, Video.

10-31-25: Lecture 28: Nerves signals as solitons; the speed of signal propagation; ``wave of death'' in neural signaling. PDF, Video.
      Slides: Membrane pumps, voltage-gated sodium channels, ``wave of death''

11-3-25: Lecture 29: Introduction to population genetics: the Wright-Fisher model. PDF, Video.

11-5-25: Lecture 30: Neutral mutations, infinite allele model, heterozygosity, effective population size. PDF, Video.